So, this is meant to give some perspective. A lot of the government offices we count on and see as “normal” are created after the fact. A few that are perennial targets are Constitutionally mandated. You are welcome to double check against any copy, but I’m using the version up at the National Archives.
Article I.
Section 1: the Congress, including the House of Representatives and Senate.
Section 2: Representatives, “electors” (now known as voters), and taxes. Regular “enumeration” of citizens (the Census), and a Speaker of the House.
Section 3: Senators, the Vice President, and President Pro Tempore. The President, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Impeachment are also mentioned here, but more on them later.
Section 5: Congressional records. Of course the Founding Fathers never envisioned TV, but C-SPAN is an interesting way of supplementing those records.
Section 6: Ok, nothing new is created here. I just wanted to point out that you can’t arrest a member of Congress on his way to a session unless it’s for “Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace.”
Section 7: Bills and laws.
Section 8: This is a really meaty section on what Congress can do. They create money, regulate commerce and immigration, declare war, make laws, etc. Agencies created here include the Post Office, roads (so mail can be delivered), courts under the Supreme Court, the Navy, and the “Militia.” It’s worth noting that by the time this was written, the Marines were already a well established thing.
Article II.
Section 1: The President and Electoral College are officially created here.
Section 2: The Commander in Chief is also the President.
Section 3: The State of the Union address.
Section 4: Impeachment. Huh, pretty short Article here.
Article III.
Section 1: The Supreme Court and “inferior” courts.
Section 2: “Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls” are mentioned.
Section 3: Treason is a thing.
Article IV.
Section 2: Interstate extradition is a thing.
Section 3: How Baby States Are Made.
Articles V, VI, and VII
Constitutional Amendments are a thing. The National Debt — yes, really. Ratification.
Please note how few things really spring directly from the Constitution. No law enforcement agencies whatsoever: no FBI, Federal Marshals, or anything of the sort. Taxes but no tax agencies. Immigration but no immigration offices. Not a word about any sort of schools or colleges. While the Interstate Highway System or Department of Transportation isn’t mentioned, one can argue that they stem from the postal road system. No political parties.
I hope you have found this interesting reading.