Tag: Las Vegas

Candida auris: Truth and Fearmongering

Recently, a website I used to respect posted an item on a problem with a relatively new fungal pathogen called Candida auris and how it poses a problem for Las Vegas in particular. I would like to talk about this issue in a balanced and truthful way.

My credentials: or, why should you listen to me? I am a Registered Nurse (RN) Infection Preventionist. I am a member of the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology. I hold two certifications: Certified Rehabilitation Registered Nurse and Certified in Infection Control. Furthermore, I work in Las Vegas and live in a suburb of Las Vegas. Go Knights Go.

Some Resources by Actual Professionals: I actively encourage you to see what the CDC, the WHO, the NIH, medical journal JAMA, my professional organization APIC, healthline, okay fine Wikipedia, and the State of Nevada have to say. The public might have a right to be skeptical about what the CDC has to say, which is why I want to provide multiple sources (that all say mostly the same things).

And Now Some Sensationalist News Items: It gets pretty crazy. Of course some sources are better than others, but sensationalist news gets attention.

An important thing to remember: I’m going to stop for just a moment to explain a technical detail. You probably know what an infection is: it’s when a germ is making you sick. But most people don’t know what colonization means: that’s when a germ is there but it’s just hanging out and not making anybody sick. There is of course the risk it could cause an infection, but it isn’t right now. Most of the C.auris cases you’re hearing about are colonization, not infection.

But what would the symptoms of infection be if it’s not colonization? Depends where the germs are. If it’s in the urinary tract, UTI symptoms. If it’s in a wound, symptoms of an infected wound. You get the picture. An infection in the blood is particularly bad regardless of what organism is involved since the bloodstream is effectively a superhighway around the body.

Oh, and one more thing: I am always careful to specify Candida auris or C.auris to distinguish it from it’s itchy but mostly harmless cousin, Candida albicans — which causes thrush and what most people would call a “yeast infection.” There are other Candida species that are rare and not a huge public health threat.

Why it seems like Nevada and Vegas have so much of this stuff: Maybe you’ve heard the saying “you can’t find a fever if you don’t take a temperature”? Well the idea that you don’t find things you aren’t looking for cuts both ways. Most places aren’t looking for it — it’s a special test that in most places has to be sent away to a lab with special equipment (and by the way not all FedEx offices will accept biological specimens for shipment). Your local Quest or LabCorp might come back with “yeast” and nothing more. Last year, the State of Nevada insisted on testing all residents in Long Term Care, Long Term Acute Care, Skilled Nursing Facilities, and on patients in many other hospitals. They tested; they found more of it than most people expected. Why Vegas in particular? Because roughly 80% of the state population lives in Clark County.

Why test those facilities? Because people in the kind of places where they call them “residents” instead of “patients” have severe medical problems to begin with. They’re in and out of acute care hospitals. They have plenty of chronic conditions and often end up with complications. They’re at risk for opportunistic infections from lots of different organisms, including C.auris. Sure, they tested a few people who were just fine until the motor vehicle accident, but that was the exception.

Ok, so how do you test for it? Per the CDC “The nurse or doctor will wipe or rub a cotton swab on the skin near your armpits and the area where your leg joins your body (groin). The test is not painful. The swab will be sent to a lab, and in 1 to 2 weeks, the lab will tell your doctor the results.” Ok so remember that we are looking for it in armpits and crotches when it comes to colonization. That will come up again later.

A quick summary of the bad news: It’s hard to test for, it’s a lot more common than most people know (and not just in Las Vegas!), it’s resistant to many antifungals (it’s not a bacteria so it wouldn’t be susceptible to antibiotics), there’s no proven decolonization strategy, and yes an infection could potentially be deadly.

Is there any good news? Yes! First, it’s a big heavy germ that does not and cannot float in droplets or the air. A C.auris cell is 2.5-5 micrometers, twice the size of the typical bacterium and ten times the size of a tuberculosis germ. Someone with a C.auris infection or colonization does not require droplet or airborne precautions, just contact precautions (gloves and gown) while in the hospital. It is not, I repeat NOT, lurking in casino air ducts waiting to reach out and make you sick! More good news: bleach will kill it on surfaces. Note: do not clean granny’s groin and armpits with bleach.

What can I do to keep from getting it? Remember that we test for colonization in the groin and armpits? Keep adult activities clean and in clean places. Don’t go to the casino floor naked (they frown on that anyway). If you or a family member have chronic conditions, make cleanliness your habit. If you find yourself or a loved one in a hospital, be that person that reminds others to clean their hands. That includes visitors, doctors, and staff! If a staff member rolls her eyes, that’s exactly the person you needed to remind so don’t let her get to you. And a pet peeve, gloves are not a substitute for hand cleaning and must be changed between patients!

By the way, World Hand Hygiene Day is May 5, right between May the Fourth be With You and Nurses Week. My building will be celebrating all three.

Hospital Cat

I remember when this guy and his littermates were kittens. Pretty sure someone TNR’d them, because we aren’t overrun by cats! I do sometimes end up with kitty footprints on my car. More than one staff member feeds them. I have literally seen these cats watch the pigeons with no effort towards hunting. Obviously this picture taken in summertime.

Happy New Year

May it be better than 2021. Seriously.

A lot of you have New Years Resolutions. I think it’s wonderful that you want to do something to improve yourself and/or your life. However, I will point out that if it were really important to you, you would not have waited for an arbitrary calendar date. You’d have started working on it right away (or at minimum, started making plans).

There’s been a lot of talk over the last couple decades about SMART goals: a goal that is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time constrained. That R (often mislabeled as “reasonable,” and how is that different from achievable?) can also be seen as your Reason for the goal. It’s the “why it’s important,” and arguably the most important part. Why do you want to have a million dollars or lose 30 pounds or earn your degree? That why is what will get you up in the morning to work your goal.

Picture taken by me at Mandalay Bay. I needed a cool picture to start you guys off. I’m going to try and post more regularly this year.

A Tale of Two Diseases

Today I would like to make some comparisons between COVID-19 and Influenza. For simplicity, we will look at data from the Southern Nevada Health District, which serves Las Vegas and surrounding communities.

This page will give you SNHD’s flu reports. Flu season is generally considered to run from October to March or April here. Let’s call it 6 months. Please note that when they refer to the week number, they mean for the year. So the first week of January is week 1. It is true that we never know exactly how many cases of the flu there are (the CDC estimates tens of millions of cases and tens of thousands of deaths nationwide). That’s because a lot of people recover at home without tests or hospital visits. However, if you look at the latest report, you’ll see that 47 people died of the flu this flu season. This number is pretty close to accurate; someone is either dead or they are not.

Now let’s move over to SNHD’s COVID-19 reporting. Just a reminder, COVID-19 is short for Coronavirus Disease 2019, it’s not the 19th anything. More about the basics here, but back to SNHD. We reported our first case March 5th, then our first death on the 16th. As of April 29th, we have 3979 confirmed cases. This needs to be treated as a minimum, because there simply hasn’t been enough testing. A lot of people are walking around with mild symptoms or none at all, blissfully unaware that they are spreading disease. Again, despite the lack of testing, there’s another number that is less prone to distortion.

The fact I want to point out is that as of April 29, Southern Nevada has had 202 deaths from COVID-19. In 6 weeks, 202 COVID-19 deaths, compared to 47 influenza deaths due to influenza in 6 months. Same population. Same location. Same risk factors. That’s four times as many deaths in about a quarter of the time.

In a nutshell, that is why we need to take this thing seriously.

I have become aware of voices on the Internet saying we shouldn’t waste time on a vaccine, but go for a cure. I would like to remind those folks that we never did get a cure for measles, polio, or rabies, just a vaccine. Even tuberculosis had a vaccine decades before we had a cure.

Stay safe out there. Wash your hands. Don’t stand too close to other people. Wear your mask in public. And remember that the economy is meaningless if you’re dead.